AAM Reports Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2018 Financial Results
DETROIT, Feb. 15, 2019 /PRNewswire/ -- American Axle & Manufacturing Holdings, Inc. (AAM), (NYSE: AXL) today reported its financial results for the fourth quarter and full year 2018 and confirmed its full year 2019 financial outlook.
Fourth Quarter 2018 Results
-- Sales of $1.69 billion
-- Net loss attributable to AAM of $361.8 million, or (21.4)% of sales,
which includes the impact of a pre-tax goodwill impairment of $485.5
million
-- Adjusted EBITDA of $244.0 million, or 14.4% of sales
-- Diluted loss per share of $3.24; Adjusted earnings per share of $0.45
-- Net cash provided by operating activities of $258.3 million; Adjusted
free cash flow of $142.4 million
Full Year 2018 Results
-- Sales of $7.27 billion
-- Net loss attributable to AAM of $57.5 million, or (0.8)% of sales
-- Adjusted EBITDA of $1.18 billion, or 16.3% of sales
-- Diluted loss per share of $0.51; Adjusted earnings per share of $3.28
-- Net cash provided by operating activities of $771.5 million; Adjusted
free cash flow of $322.3 million
"AAM's full year 2018 financial results reflect record sales, gross profit and operating cash flow, despite some launch and operating related challenges during the second half of the year. We continued to fund organic growth, invest in advanced technologies and reduce our debt throughout the year," said AAM's Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, David C. Dauch. "As we look towards 2019, we expect to profitably grow, diversify our business and continue our trend of delivering strong free cash flow metrics."
AAM's sales in the fourth quarter of 2018 were $1.69 billion as compared to $1.73 billion in the fourth quarter of 2017. AAM's net sales for full year 2018 were $7.27 billion as compared to $6.27 billion for full year 2017.
AAM's net loss in the fourth quarter of 2018 was $361.8 million, or a loss of $3.24 per share, as compared to net income of $106.3 million, or $0.93 per share in the fourth quarter of 2017. AAM's net loss for full year 2018 was $57.5 million, or $0.51 per share, as compared to net income of $337.1 million, or $3.21 per share, for full year 2017.
AAM's results in the fourth quarter and full year 2018 reflect the impact of a non-cash goodwill impairment of $485.5 million related to our Casting and Powertrain segments.
AAM defines Adjusted earnings per share to be diluted earnings per share excluding the impact of restructuring and acquisition-related costs, debt refinancing and redemption costs, gain on sale of business, goodwill impairments and non-recurring items, including the tax effect thereon. Adjusted earnings per share in the fourth quarter of 2018 were $0.45 compared to $0.89 in the fourth quarter of 2017. Adjusted earnings per share for full year 2018 were $3.28 as compared to $3.75 for full year 2017.
AAM defines EBITDA to be earnings before interest expense, income taxes, depreciation and amortization. Adjusted EBITDA is defined as EBITDA excluding the impact of restructuring and acquisition-related costs, debt refinancing and redemption costs, gain on sale of business, goodwill impairments and non-recurring items. In the fourth quarter of 2018, Adjusted EBITDA was $244.0 million, or 14.4% of sales, as compared to $295.7 million, or 17.1% of sales, in the fourth quarter of 2017. For full year 2018, AAM's Adjusted EBITDA was $1.18 billion, or 16.3% of sales, as compared to $1.10 billion, or 17.6% of sales, in 2017.
AAM's net cash provided by operating activities for the fourth quarter of 2018 was $258.3 million as compared to $226.3 million for the fourth quarter of 2017. AAM's net cash provided by operating activities for full year 2018 was $771.5 million as compared to $647.0 million for full year 2017.
AAM defines free cash flow to be net cash provided by operating activities less capital expenditures net of proceeds from the sale of property, plant and equipment. Adjusted free cash flow is defined as free cash flow excluding the impact of cash payments for restructuring and acquisition-related costs, settlements of pre-existing accounts payable balances with acquired entities and interest payments upon the settlement of acquired company debt. AAM's Adjusted free cash flow for the fourth quarter of 2018 was $142.4 million as compared to $50.9 million for the fourth quarter of 2017. AAM's Adjusted free cash flow for full year 2018 was $322.3 million as compared to $340.9 million for full year 2017.
AAM's Full Year 2019 Outlook
AAM is confirming its full year 2019 financial outlook:
-- AAM is targeting sales in the range of $7.3 to $7.4 billion in 2019.
-- AAM is targeting Adjusted EBITDA in the range of $1.20 to $1.25 billion
in 2019.
-- AAM is targeting Adjusted free cash flow in the range of $350 to $400
million in 2019.
Fourth Quarter 2018 Conference Call Information
A conference call to review AAM's fourth quarter and full year 2018 results is scheduled today at 10:00 a.m. ET. Interested participants may listen to the live conference call by logging onto AAM's investor web site at http://investor.aam.com or calling (855) 681-2072 from the United States or (973) 200-3383 from outside the United States. A replay will be available from 3:00 p.m. ET on February 15, 2019 until 11:59 p.m. ET February 21, 2019 by dialing (855) 859-2056 from the United States or (404) 537-3406 from outside the United States. When prompted, callers should enter conference reservation number 3389085.
Non-GAAP Financial Information
In addition to the results reported in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP) included within this press release, AAM has provided certain information, which includes non-GAAP financial measures such as Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted earnings per share and Adjusted free cash flow. Such information is reconciled to its closest GAAP measure in accordance with Securities and Exchange Commission rules and is included in the attached supplemental data.
Certain of the forward-looking financial measures included in this earnings release are provided on a non-GAAP basis. A reconciliation of non-GAAP forward-looking financial measures to the most directly comparable forward-looking financial measures calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP has been provided. The amounts in these reconciliations are based on our current estimates and actual results may differ materially from these forward-looking estimates for many reasons, including potential event driven transactional and other non-core operating items and their related effects in any future period, the magnitude of which may be significant.
Management believes that these non-GAAP financial measures are useful to management, investors, and banking institutions in their analysis of the Company's business and operating performance. Management also uses this information for operational planning and decision-making purposes.
Non-GAAP financial measures are not and should not be considered a substitute for any GAAP measure. Additionally, non-GAAP financial measures as presented by AAM may not be comparable to similarly titled measures reported by other companies.
Company Description
AAM (NYSE:AXL) delivers POWER that moves the world. As a leading global tier 1 automotive supplier, AAM designs, engineers and manufactures driveline, metal forming and casting technologies that are making the next generation of vehicles smarter, lighter, safer and more efficient.
Headquartered in Detroit, AAM has over 25,000 associates operating at nearly 90 facilities in 17 countries to support our customers on global and regional platforms with a focus on quality, operational excellence and technology leadership. To learn more, visit aam.com.
Forward-Looking Statements
In this earnings release, we make statements concerning our expectations, beliefs, plans, objectives, goals, strategies, and future events or performance. Such statements are "forward-looking" statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 and relate to trends and events that may affect our future financial position and operating results. The terms such as "will," "may," "could," "would," "plan," "believe," "expect," "anticipate," "intend," "project," "target," and similar words or expressions, as well as statements in future tense, are intended to identify forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements should not be read as a guarantee of future performance or results, and will not necessarily be accurate indications of the times at, or by, which such performance or results will be achieved. Forward-looking statements are based on information available at the time those statements are made and/or management's good faith belief as of that time with respect to future events and are subject to risks and may differ materially from those expressed in or suggested by the forward-looking statements. Important factors that could cause such differences include, but are not limited to: reduced purchases of our products by General Motors Company (GM), FCA US LLC (FCA), or other customers; our ability to respond to changes in technology, increased competition or pricing pressures; our ability to develop and produce new products that reflect market demand; our ability or our customers' and suppliers' ability to successfully launch new product programs on a timely basis; lower-than-anticipated market acceptance of new or existing products; our ability to attract new customers and programs for new products; an impairment of our goodwill, other intangible assets, or long-lived assets if our business or market conditions indicate that the carrying values of those assets exceed their fair values; reduced demand for our customers' products (particularly light trucks and sport utility vehicles (SUVs) produced by GM and FCA); risks inherent in our global operations (including tariffs and the potential consequences thereof to us, our suppliers, and our customers and their suppliers, adverse changes in trade agreements, such as NAFTA or USMCA, immigration policies, political stability, taxes and other law changes, potential disruptions of production and supply, and currency rate fluctuations); a significant disruption in operations at one or more of our key manufacturing facilities; global economic conditions; liabilities arising from warranty claims, product recall or field actions, product liability and legal proceedings to which we are or may become a party, or the impact of product recall or field actions on our customers; risks related to a failure of our information technology systems and networks, and risks associated with current and emerging technology threats and damage from computer viruses, unauthorized access, cyber attack and other similar disruptions; supply shortages or price increases in raw material and/or freight, utilities or other operating supplies for us or our customers as a result of natural disasters or otherwise; our ability to successfully integrate the business and information systems of MPG and to realize the anticipated benefits of the merger; negative or unexpected tax consequences; our ability to achieve the level of cost reductions required to sustain global cost competitiveness; our ability to realize the expected revenues from our new and incremental business backlog; our ability to maintain satisfactory labor relations and avoid work stoppages; our suppliers', our customers' and their suppliers' ability to maintain satisfactory labor relations and avoid work stoppages; price volatility in, or reduced availability of, fuel; potential liabilities or litigation relating to, or assumed in, the MPG merger; potential adverse reactions or changes to business relationships resulting from the completion of the merger with MPG; our ability to protect our intellectual property and successfully defend against assertions made against us; our ability to attract and retain key associates; availability of financing for working capital, capital expenditures, research and development (R&D) or other general corporate purposes including acquisitions, as well as our ability to comply with financial covenants; our customers' and suppliers' availability of financing for working capital, capital expenditures, R&D or other general corporate purposes; changes in liabilities arising from pension and other postretirement benefit obligations; risks of noncompliance with environmental laws and regulations or risks of environmental issues that could result in unforeseen costs at our facilities or reputational damage; adverse changes in laws, government regulations or market conditions affecting our products or our customers' products; our ability or our customers' and suppliers' ability to comply with regulatory requirements and the potential costs of such compliance; and other unanticipated events and conditions that may hinder our ability to compete. It is not possible to foresee or identify all such factors and we make no commitment to update any forward-looking statement or to disclose any facts, events or circumstances after the date hereof that may affect the accuracy of any forward-looking statement.
For more information:
Investor Contact
Jason P. Parsons
Director, Investor Relations
(313) 758-2404
jason.parsons@aam.com
Media Contact
Christopher M. Son
Vice President, Marketing & Communications
(313) 758-4814
chris.son@aam.com
Or visit the AAM website at www.aam.com.
AMERICAN AXLE & MANUFACTURING HOLDINGS, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(Unaudited)
Three Months Ended Twelve Months Ended
December 31,
December 31,
2018 2017 2018 2017
---
(in millions, except per share data)
Net sales $
1,694.1 $
1,733.9 $
7,270.4 $
6,266.0
Cost of goods sold 1,468.8 1,439.6 6,130.0 5,146.9
Gross profit 225.3 294.3 1,140.4 1,119.1
Selling, general and administrative expenses 97.1 101.0 385.7 390.1
Amortization of intangible assets 24.9 24.5 99.4 75.3
Goodwill impairment 485.5 485.5
Restructuring and acquisition-related costs 12.1 20.2 78.9 110.7
Gain on sale of business - (15.5)
Operating income (loss) (394.3) 148.6 106.4 543.0
Interest expense (53.8) (55.7) (216.3) (195.6)
Investment income 0.4 0.7 2.0 2.9
Other income (expense)
Debt refinancing and redemption costs (4.8) (0.8) (19.4) (3.5)
Gain on settlement of capital lease - 15.6
Other, net 2.4 0.6 (2.2) (6.8)
Income (loss) before income taxes (450.1) 93.4 (113.9) 340.0
Income tax expense (benefit) (88.5) (13.1) (57.1) 2.5
Net income (loss) (361.6) 106.5 (56.8) 337.5
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests (0.2) (0.2) (0.7) (0.4)
Net income (loss) attributable to AAM $
(361.8) $
106.3 $
(57.5) $
337.1
Diluted earnings (loss) per share $
(3.24) $
0.93 $
(0.51) $
3.21
AMERICAN AXLE & MANUFACTURING HOLDINGS, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)
(Unaudited)
Three Months Ended Twelve Months Ended
December 31, December 31,
2018 2017 2018 2017
---
(in millions)
Net income (loss) $
(361.6) $
106.5 $
(56.8) $
337.5
Other comprehensive income (loss)
Defined benefit plans, net of tax 23.6 (12.2) 38.1 (8.5)
Foreign currency translation adjustments (7.5) 9.0 (62.5) 88.3
Changes in cash flow hedges, net of tax (14.1) (4.4) 5.5 17.1
Other comprehensive income (loss) 2.0 (7.6) (18.9) 96.9
Comprehensive income (loss) (359.6) 98.9 (75.7) 434.4
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests (0.2) (0.2) (0.7) (0.4)
Comprehensive income (loss) attributable to AAM $
(359.8) $
98.7 $
(76.4) $
434.0
AMERICAN AXLE & MANUFACTURING HOLDINGS, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(Unaudited)
December 31, December 31,
2018 2017
---
(in millions)
ASSETS
---
Current assets
Cash and cash equivalents $
476.4 $
376.8
Accounts receivable, net 966.5 1,035.9
Inventories, net 459.7 392.0
Prepaid expenses and other 127.2 140.3
Total current assets 2,029.8 1,945.0
Property, plant and equipment, net 2,514.4 2,402.9
Deferred income taxes 45.5 37.1
Goodwill 1,141.8 1,654.3
Other intangible assets, net 1,111.1 1,212.5
GM postretirement cost sharing asset 219.4 252.2
Other assets and deferred charges 448.7 378.8
Total assets $
7,510.7 $
7,882.8
LIABILITIES AND STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY
---
Current liabilities
Current portion of long-term debt $
121.6 $
5.9
Accounts payable 840.2 799.0
Accrued compensation and benefits 179.0 200.0
Deferred revenue 44.3 34.1
Accrued expenses and other 171.7 177.4
Total current liabilities 1,356.8 1,216.4
Long-term debt, net 3,686.8 3,969.3
Deferred revenue 77.6 78.8
Deferred income taxes 92.6 101.7
Postretirement benefits and other long-term liabilities 810.6 976.6
Total liabilities 6,024.4 6,342.8
Total AAM stockholders' equity 1,483.9 1,536.0
Noncontrolling interests in subsidiaries 2.4 4.0
Total stockholders' equity 1,486.3 1,540.0
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity $
7,510.7 $
7,882.8
AMERICAN AXLE & MANUFACTURING HOLDINGS, INC.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(Unaudited)
Three Months Ended Twelve Months Ended
December 31, December 31,
2018 2017 2018 2017
(in millions)
Operating Activities
Net income (loss) $
(361.6) $
106.5 $
(56.8) $
337.5
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating
activities
Depreciation and amortization 137.9 125.2 528.8 428.5
Impairment of goodwill 485.5 485.5
Other (3.5) (5.4) (186.0) (119.0)
Net cash provided by operating activities 258.3 226.3 771.5 647.0
Investing activities
Purchases of property, plant and equipment (132.9) (199.0) (524.7) (477.7)
Proceeds from sale of property, plant and equipment 1.7 0.8 4.9 2.5
Acquisition of business, net of cash acquired (1.3) (895.5)
Proceeds from sale of business, net 47.1 5.9
Other (3.7) (0.7) (4.2) (13.3)
Net cash used in investing activities (134.9) (198.9) (478.2) (1,378.1)
Financing activities
Net debt activity (84.9) (201.0) (178.5) 621.7
Other (0.1) (6.0) (6.1)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities (85.0) (201.0) (184.5) 615.6
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash (1.4) 0.8 (6.7) 11.1
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash 37.0 (172.8) 102.1 (104.4)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of year 441.9 549.6 376.8 481.2
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of year $
478.9 $
376.8 $
478.9 $
376.8
AMERICAN AXLE & MANUFACTURING HOLDINGS, INC.
SUPPLEMENTAL DATA
(Unaudited)
The supplemental data presented below is a reconciliation of certain financial measures which is intended to facilitate analysis of American Axle & Manufacturing Holdings, Inc. business and operating performance.
Earnings before interest expense, income taxes and depreciation and amortization (EBITDA) and Adjusted EBITDA
(a)
Three Months Ended Twelve Months Ended
December 31,
December 31,
2018 2017 2018 2017
---
(in millions)
Net income (loss) $
(361.6) $
106.5 $
(56.8) $
337.5
Interest expense 53.8 55.7 216.3 195.6
Income tax expense (benefit) (88.5) (13.1) (57.1) 2.5
Depreciation and amortization 137.9 125.2 528.8 428.5
EBITDA (258.4) 274.3 631.2 964.1
Restructuring and acquisition-related costs 12.1 20.2 78.9 110.7
Debt refinancing and redemption costs 4.8 0.8 19.4 3.5
Gain on sale of business - (15.5)
Goodwill impairment 485.5 485.5
Non-recurring items:
Gain on settlement of capital lease - (15.6)
Acquisition-related fair value inventory - 24.9
adjustment
Other(b) - 0.4 (0.5)
Adjusted EBITDA $
244.0 $
295.7 $
1,183.9 $
1,102.7
Adjusted earnings per share
(c)
Three Months Ended Twelve Months Ended
December 31,
December 31,
2018 2017 2018 2017
---
Diluted earnings (loss) per share $
(3.24) $
0.93 $
(0.51) $
3.21
Restructuring and acquisition-related costs 0.11 0.18 0.71 1.05
Debt refinancing and redemption costs 0.04 0.01 0.17 0.03
Gain on sale of business - (0.14)
Goodwill impairment 4.35 4.35
Non-recurring items:
Gain on settlement of capital lease - (0.14)
Acquisition-related fair value inventory - 0.24
adjustment
Acquisition related tax adjustments - 0.01 (0.15)
Adjustments related to the Tax Cuts and - (0.17) (0.19)
Jobs Act of 2017
Adjustments to liability for unrecognized - (0.18)
tax benefits
Other(b) - 0.02
Tax effect of adjustments (0.79) (0.07) (0.85) (0.46)
Adjustment for anti-dilutive effect (0.02) (0.13)
Adjusted earnings per share $
0.45 $
0.89 $
3.28 $
3.75
Adjusted earnings per share are based on weighted average diluted shares outstanding of 116.2 million and 114.4 million for the three months ended on December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and 115.8 million and 105.1 million for the twelve months ended on December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
AMERICAN AXLE & MANUFACTURING HOLDINGS, INC.
SUPPLEMENTAL DATA
(Unaudited)
The supplemental data presented below is a reconciliation of certain financial measures which is intended to facilitate analysis of American Axle & Manufacturing Holdings, Inc. business and operating performance.
Free cash flow and Adjusted free cash flow
(d)
Three Months Ended Twelve Months Ended
December 31,
December 31,
2018 2017 2018 2017
---
(in millions)
Net cash provided by operating activities $
258.3 $
226.3 $
771.5 $
647.0
Capital expenditures net of proceeds from the sale (131.2) (198.2) (519.8) (475.2)
of property, plant and equipment
Free cash flow 127.1 28.1 251.7 171.8
Cash payments for restructuring and acquisition- 15.3 22.8 70.6 109.3
related costs
Acquisition-related settlement of pre-existing - 35.2
accounts payable balances with acquired entities
Interest payments upon the settlement of acquired - 24.6
company debt
Adjusted free cash flow $
142.4 $
50.9 $
322.3 $
340.9
Segment Financial Information
Three Months Ended Twelve Months Ended
December 31,
December 31,
2018 2017 2018 2017
---
(in millions)
Segment Sales
Driveline $
996.0 $
1,012.1 $
4,254.8 $
4,040.8
Metal Forming 339.1 355.1 1,515.4 1,242.6
Powertrain 262.9 272.0 1,128.5 816.5
Casting 218.5 224.2 919.8 676.4
Total Sales 1,816.5 1,863.4 7,818.5 6,776.3
Intersegment Sales (122.4) (129.5) (548.1) (510.3)
Net External Sales $
1,694.1 $
1,733.9 $
7,270.4 $
6,266.0
Segment Adjusted EBITDA(a)
Driveline $
146.5 $
178.8 $
660.7 $
692.3
Metal Forming 54.6 61.8 285.9 232.3
Powertrain 32.3 42.4 163.7 131.1
Casting 10.6 12.7 73.6 47.0
Total Segment Adjusted EBITDA $
244.0 $
295.7 $
1,183.9 $
1,102.7
Full Year 2019 Outlook
Adjusted EBITDA
Low End High End
---
(in millions)
Net income $
285 $
325
Interest expense 225 225
Income tax expense 70 80
Depreciation and amortization 570 570
Full year 2019 targeted EBITDA 1,150 1,200
Restructuring and acquisition-related costs 50 50
Full year 2019 targeted Adjusted EBITDA $
1,200 $
1,250
Adjusted Free Cash Flow
Low End High End
---
(in millions)
Net cash provided by operating activities $
810 $
860
Capital expenditures net of proceeds from the sale of property, (515) (515)
plant and equipment
Full year 2019 targeted Free Cash Flow 295 345
Cash payments for restructuring and acquisition-related costs 55 55
Full year 2019 targeted Adjusted Free Cash Flow $
350 $
400
________________
(a) We define EBITDA to be earnings
before interest expense, income
taxes, depreciation and
amortization. Adjusted EBITDA is
defined as EBITDA excluding the
impact of restructuring and
acquisition-related costs, debt
refinancing and redemption costs,
gain on sale of a business, goodwill
impairments and non-recurring
items. We believe that EBITDA and
Adjusted EBITDA are meaningful
measures of performance as they are
commonly utilized by management and
investors to analyze operating
performance and entity valuation.
Our management, the investment
community and the banking
institutions routinely use EBITDA
and Adjusted EBITDA, together with
other measures, to measure our
operating performance relative to
other Tier 1 automotive suppliers.
We also use Segment Adjusted EBITDA
as the measure of earnings to assess
the performance of each segment and
determine the resources to be
allocated to the segments. EBITDA
and Adjusted EBITDA should not be
construed as income from operations,
net income or cash flow from
operating activities as determined
under GAAP. Other companies may
calculate EBITDA and Adjusted EBITDA
differently.
(b) For the three months ended on
December 31, 2017, other non-
recurring items reflect the impact
of a non-cash pension settlement
charge related to one of our foreign
entities. For the twelve months
ended on December 31, 2017, other
non-recurring items also reflect
the impact of a gain related to the
change of our method of accounting
for indirect inventory and the
interest expense for the debt
drawdown period prior to acquisition
funding requirement.
(c) We define Adjusted earnings per share
to be diluted earnings per share
excluding the impact of
restructuring and acquisition-
related costs, debt refinancing and
redemption costs, gain on sale of a
business, goodwill impairments and
non-recurring items, including the
tax effect thereon. We believe
Adjusted earnings per share is a
meaningful measure as it is commonly
utilized by management and investors
in assessing ongoing financial
performance that provides improved
comparability between periods
through the exclusion of certain
items that management believes are
not indicative of core operating
performance and which may obscure
underlying business results and
trends. Other companies may
calculate Adjusted earnings per
share differently.
(d) We define free cash flow to be net
cash provided by operating
activities less capital expenditures
net of proceeds from the sale of
property, plant and equipment.
Adjusted free cash flow is defined
as free cash flow excluding the
impact of cash payments for
restructuring and acquisition-
related costs, settlements of pre-
existing accounts payable balances
with acquired entities, and interest
payments upon the settlement of
acquired company debt. We believe
free cash flow and Adjusted free
cash flow are meaningful measures as
they are commonly utilized by
management and investors to assess
our ability to generate cash flow
from business operations to repay
debt and return capital to our
stockholders. Free cash flow and
Adjusted free cash flow are also key
metrics used in our calculation of
incentive compensation. Other
companies may calculate free cash
flow and Adjusted free cash flow
differently.
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SOURCE American Axle & Manufacturing Holdings, Inc.
